![]() ![]() Specific information and references on the skeleton of the dog and other domestic animals can be found in current veterinary anatomy texts and the classic out-of-print Handbuch der Vergleichenden Anatomie der Haustiere by Ellenberger and Baum (1943). Much useful information on the skeleton can be found in such older works as Owen (1866), on all vertebrates, and Flower (1870), on mammals. Inherent in these responses are changes in the physiognomy, construction, and mechanical function of the body.įor a review of the history of the vertebrate skeleton and the bones that constitute it, reference may be made to comparative anatomy texts, such as The Vertebrate Body by Romer and Parsons (1986) or Hyman’s Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy by Wake (1979). Bone responds in a variety of ways to vitamin, mineral, and hormone deficiencies or excesses. The process of bone repair and the incorporation of heavy metals and rare earths (including radioisotopes) in the adult skeleton attest to its dynamic nature. ![]() For a consideration of various aspects of development, maintenance, and repair of the skeleton, reference can be made to Kimmel and Jee (1982), Kincaid and Van Sickle (1983), Jurvelin et al. In the living body the skeleton is composed of a changing, actively metabolizing tissue that may be altered in shape, size, and position by mechanical or biochemical demands. It functions as a storehouse for minerals and as a site for fat storage and blood cell formation. ![]() The skeleton serves for support and protection while providing levers for muscular action. ![]()
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